Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete.(46)There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the destructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibility that war may serve any good at all. In a day when vehicles hurtle through outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can claim victory in war. A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitous legacy of human suffering, political and spiritual disillusionment. A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of a human race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death. (47)If modern man continues to toy unhesitatingly with war, he will transform his earthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante (但丁) could not imagine.
(48)Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy of nonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding the relations between nations. It is, after all, nation states, which make war, which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival of mankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.
We have ancient habits to deal with, vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.(49)But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created, it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.
I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced. (50)But I am convinced that we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation, a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death. We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness, indeed the eagerness, to enter into the new world, which is now possible, “the city which hath foundation, whose Building and Maker is God”.
答案
46.也許曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)通過阻止邪惡勢(shì)力的擴(kuò)張和發(fā)展而成為負(fù)面的善舉,但現(xiàn)代武器的巨大破壞力消除了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為善舉的任何可能性。
47如果現(xiàn)代人繼續(xù)毫無顧忌地玩弄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),他將使現(xiàn)世的生存環(huán)境變成但丁的心靈都無法想像的地獄。
48.因此,我建議將非暴力的哲學(xué)和策略立即定為一個(gè)研究課題,并在人類沖突的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,不排除在國(guó)與國(guó)的關(guān)系中,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的實(shí)驗(yàn)。
49.但是除非我們完全喪失人性,并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐懼和無能,那么結(jié)束國(guó)家之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和暴力與結(jié)束貧窮和種族歧視同樣具有可能性和緊迫性。
50.但是我堅(jiān)信,除非我們?cè)谶@方面準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一次精神和靈魂的重新評(píng)估,改變關(guān)注點(diǎn),以使我們看到,表面上最現(xiàn)實(shí)、最強(qiáng)大的東西其實(shí)是最不現(xiàn)實(shí)、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西,我們將不會(huì)有意志、勇氣和遠(yuǎn)見來處理這些事情。
總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的文章。文中談到了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的危害性,以及如何防御戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的問題。
第一段:首先指出戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是過時(shí)的,接著講述隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的危害更大了,甚至?xí)?dǎo)致整個(gè)人類的死亡。
第二段:作者提出了建議性的解決辦法,即將非暴力的哲學(xué)和策略定為研究課題。
第三段:指出終止國(guó)家之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與暴力具有可能性和緊迫性。
第四段:重申了制止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的可能性,即戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是最不現(xiàn)時(shí)、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句、根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法
此句是but連接的并列句,前一分句的主干是there may have been a time,time后是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。后一分句的主干是the destructive power ... eliminates the possibility,possibility后是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,可用前置法譯為“...的可能性”。
詞匯:注意根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法。如a negative good。Good在這里是名詞,意為“好處,好事”等。本句中譯為“善舉”有動(dòng)作性,突出了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響。negative是“消極的,負(fù)面的”,二者組合到一起,可以譯成“負(fù)面的善舉”。eliminates the possibility中eliminates一詞譯為“消除”,有否定的含義,它和even ... any good at all一起強(qiáng)調(diào)“消除了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為善舉的任何可能性”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):條件復(fù)合句、根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法
此句是一個(gè)含if條件句的復(fù)合句,譯為“如果...(那么)...”。翻譯的難點(diǎn)在于詞匯的翻譯。Toy一詞在句中是動(dòng)詞,譯為“玩弄”。Unhesitatingly原意為“不躊躇地,堅(jiān)定地”,但由于句中是貶義的用法,應(yīng)譯為“毫無顧忌地”。Transform...into...“把...轉(zhuǎn)變成...”。Earthly的意思有“現(xiàn)世的,可能的,地球的”等,但句中它和hell(地獄)形成對(duì)照,因此應(yīng)譯為“現(xiàn)世的”。Habitat意為“生活環(huán)境,產(chǎn)地,棲息地”等,由于句中指的是人類的居所,可譯為“生存環(huán)境”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):后置定語(yǔ)、名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞的譯法
該句子的主干是I suggest that the philosophy and strategy ... becomes a subject for study and for experimentation,in every field和excluding ...語(yǔ)法上講分別是介詞短語(yǔ)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作experimentation的后置定語(yǔ)。本句的難點(diǎn)是對(duì)experimentation的翻譯,它是名詞,本意為“實(shí)驗(yàn)”,但在句中應(yīng)該活譯為動(dòng)詞,即“做實(shí)驗(yàn)”。這樣它的后置定語(yǔ)成分也相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)修飾成分。直譯為“在人類沖突的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)真實(shí)驗(yàn)”,意譯為“在人類沖突的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的實(shí)驗(yàn)”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):條件復(fù)合句、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法
本句是含unless引導(dǎo)的條件句的復(fù)合句,其主干是unless ... it is as possible and as urgent to ... as it is to ... 。主句中it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的不定式,因此it可以不譯,直接譯出后面的內(nèi)容。比較結(jié)構(gòu)As possible and urgent as...結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為“和...一樣可能和緊迫”,也可突出書面語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)用名詞表達(dá),譯為“和...同樣具有可能性和緊迫性”。we have ourselves created做定語(yǔ)修飾the weapons,翻譯時(shí)采用前置法把定語(yǔ)提前,譯為“我們自己創(chuàng)造的武器”。
詞匯:resign作及物動(dòng)詞,原意為“辭去,放棄,拋棄”,在該句中接賓語(yǔ)our humanity,可譯為“喪失”;yield to原意為“屈服于...”,在文中活譯為“陷入”;impotence“無能”;in the presence of“在……的面前”。
50[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):多重復(fù)合句的譯法
此句子較長(zhǎng),翻譯的難點(diǎn)在于對(duì)多重復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。該句的主干成份I am convinced that,是結(jié)構(gòu)的第一層。第二層是that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless ... 。該從句中又包含了一個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,這是本句的第三層結(jié)構(gòu)。它的主干是we are prepared to undergo a re-evaluation, a change of focus ... ,其中a change of focus是re-evaluation的同位語(yǔ),起到解釋說明的作用。由于后面的修飾成分還很長(zhǎng),可以從這里斷句,重起一句。該句的第四層結(jié)構(gòu)是which will enable us to see that...,這一定語(yǔ)從句修飾a change of focus。由于定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),采用拆譯法,單獨(dú)譯出。其中that又引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句 seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death。
詞匯:re-evaluation“重新評(píng)估”;come under原意為“遭到,受到”,表被動(dòng)含義,文中可譯為“被”;sentence of death“死刑”。
全文翻譯
來自經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累的智慧告訴我們,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是過時(shí)的。也許曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)通過阻止邪惡勢(shì)力的擴(kuò)張和發(fā)展而成為負(fù)面的善舉,但現(xiàn)代武器的巨大破壞力消除了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為善舉的任何可能性。在運(yùn)載航天火箭穿越外太空,引導(dǎo)彈道導(dǎo)彈在大氣同溫層劃上死亡軌跡的時(shí)代,沒有任何一個(gè)民族可以宣稱是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利者。所謂的有限戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)給人們留下的只有災(zāi)難,政治上和精神上的理想幻滅。世界戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)留下的只是硝煙,無言地證明了:人類的愚蠢將不可避免地導(dǎo)致最后的死亡。如果現(xiàn)代人繼續(xù)毫無顧忌地玩弄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),他將使現(xiàn)世的生存環(huán)境變成但丁的心靈都無法想像的地獄。
因此,我建議將非暴力哲學(xué)和策略立即定為一個(gè)研究課題,并在人類沖突的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,當(dāng)然不排除在國(guó)與國(guó)的關(guān)系中,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的試驗(yàn)。畢竟,那些國(guó)家和民族就是制造戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、生產(chǎn)威脅人類生存的武器以及生來具有種族滅絕性和自殺性的元兇。
我們有一個(gè)古老的習(xí)慣,就是用巨大的力量組織解決無法描述的復(fù)雜的問題,但是除非我們完全喪失人性,并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐懼和無能,否則終止國(guó)家之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和暴力與結(jié)束貧窮和種族歧視同樣具有可能性和緊迫性。
我并不是將需要面對(duì)的復(fù)雜的問題簡(jiǎn)單化,但是我相信,除非我們準(zhǔn)備在這方面進(jìn)行一次精神和靈魂的重新評(píng)估,改變關(guān)注點(diǎn),以使我們看到,看起來最現(xiàn)實(shí)、最強(qiáng)大的東西其實(shí)是最不現(xiàn)實(shí)、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西,否則我們不會(huì)有意志、勇氣和遠(yuǎn)見來處理這些事情。我們需要盡最大的努力準(zhǔn)備著甚至是熱切地進(jìn)入一個(gè)嶄新的世界,目前看這是可能的:那是上帝建造的城堡。