烤鴨們是不是看到項(xiàng)目管理這四個(gè)字就被怔住了？這么高大上的概念用來(lái)攻克我們雅思寫作？沒(méi)錯(cuò)，今天就要教大家如何把各大主流商學(xué)院在項(xiàng)目管理中強(qiáng)調(diào)的節(jié)點(diǎn)控制方法跟我們寫作評(píng)分的四項(xiàng)要求對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)，運(yùn)用到咱們屠鴨的過(guò)程當(dāng)中！一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。我們的步驟是：

1.節(jié)點(diǎn)描述（作文審題）

2.節(jié)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)（文章的邏輯安排）

3. 節(jié)點(diǎn)操作規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（詞匯及語(yǔ)法的規(guī)范）

4. 問(wèn)題的預(yù)防、處理計(jì)劃或措施（考前的記憶練習(xí)）

下面，我們用老年人這個(gè)話題來(lái)示范一下這四個(gè)步驟的具體運(yùn)用

第一步：節(jié)點(diǎn)描述（作文審題）

雅思寫作題目十一年內(nèi)與老年人直接相關(guān)的真題出現(xiàn)過(guò)9次，基本上是每年必出的常規(guī)話題之一。值得一提的是，2013年作文題中還沒(méi)有直接出現(xiàn)老年人這個(gè)詞眼，只提到了人們要不要為今后退休生活存錢。

Recently the proportion of older people has increased. Do you think it will make positive or negative effect on society? 20060211，20111008，20120310

老齡化會(huì)有哪些影響？

Some people believe that in order to give opportunities to new generations, companies should encourage high level employees who are older than 55 to retire. Do you agree or disagree? Why? 030712, 030809, 20051029

是否要鼓勵(lì)老人早點(diǎn)退休以達(dá)到為年輕人留出更多機(jī)會(huì)的目的？

Today, in many countries, there is insufficient respect to old people. What are the reasons? What problems it might cause? 20060708

當(dāng)今社會(huì)對(duì)老年人不夠尊重的原因和可能帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題是哪些？

Nowadays, high-technologies such as mobile phones and internet are rarely used by old people. How should these technologies be useful to old people? How to encourage old people to use the technologies? 20080628

如何使高科技產(chǎn)品對(duì)老年人更有幫助？如何鼓勵(lì)老年人使用這些科技？

Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. To what extent do you agree or  disagree? 20070825

誰(shuí)來(lái)為老年人的退休生活買單？

Saving money is a good habit for an individual after retirement. Do you agree or disagree? 20130606

人們要不要為退休后生活存錢？

第二步：節(jié)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)（文章的邏輯安排）

英美雖然不存在有文化部這個(gè)部門，但實(shí)際上的確存在著一種主旋律的調(diào)調(diào)，比如說(shuō)會(huì)稍顯刻意地強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)于弱勢(shì)群體的關(guān)注，而老人、小孩、婦女、窮人、少數(shù)民族、移民等群體就是我們通常而言比較需要被關(guān)注到的弱勢(shì)人群。雅思作文每年都會(huì)出現(xiàn)三次左右有關(guān)弱勢(shì)群體的考題。另外在其他題目寫作的時(shí)候，從這些群體的立場(chǎng)出發(fā)思考問(wèn)題，也不妨為我們分類討論的一種思路和角度，體現(xiàn)出咱們的人性關(guān)懷。所以這類問(wèn)題在段落安排上盡量辯證去分析，避免一邊倒的說(shuō)法。

第三步：節(jié)點(diǎn)操作規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（詞匯及語(yǔ)法的規(guī)范）

說(shuō)到老年人的表達(dá)，大家可以盡量避免一開始就出現(xiàn)old people, old folks這樣的表達(dá)，第一個(gè)原因是這樣比較偏口語(yǔ)化，第二個(gè)原因是咱們這樣說(shuō)有點(diǎn)offensive,雅思寫作用語(yǔ)始終應(yīng)該注意委婉度與高級(jí)度。所以我們建議先把elderly, pensioner, seniorcitizen, the aged這些表達(dá)用出來(lái)。而老年人通常會(huì)面對(duì)到的問(wèn)題一般而言是體能不足（physical inadequacies），不能快速接受新事物（fail to adopt innovations），可能會(huì)被強(qiáng)制退休（compulsory retirement）生活窘迫（life distress）年齡歧視（age discrimination）缺少專業(yè)的護(hù)理（lackof professional care givers）等等問(wèn)題。

下面的句子是關(guān)于老年人話題非常漂亮的原汁原味表達(dá)，大家可以試試套用下加粗的句型和詞伙（地道搭配）。咱們要記住用詞用句的原則：地道自然的表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)過(guò)冗繁堆砌。信息密度大的簡(jiǎn)單句也是高分句，不知所云的復(fù)雜句即是低分句！

Against the background of the expected population ageing in the EU and most of its Member States， it is therefore obvious that the actual retirement age must be raised substantially。

歐洲的未來(lái)老齡化趨勢(shì)以及它的大多數(shù)同胞國(guó)的情況都昭示著它的實(shí)際退休年齡是時(shí)候大幅提高了

Although the effects of early retirement were presented a long time as a win-win situation(availabilityof jobs for the young; more leisure time for elder people; lower unemployment figures for the government), they turned out to be an expensive fallacy.

雖然早退休方案在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間都被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)雙贏方案，但最后這被證明是一個(gè)昂貴的錯(cuò)誤。

In addition it is worth to reconsider the seniority principle (people earn more the older they get or the longer they are with one employer) as it may create obstacles for the hiring or continued employment of older workers.

而且非常有必要去重新考慮老年法則（人們工作的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)在一個(gè)老板底下工作時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，薪水越高）因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)對(duì)他們?cè)倬蜆I(yè)的制造障礙。

Likewise regional disparities connected to population ageing and the development of the ‘silver economy’ need to be adequately addressed.

同樣，和老齡化有關(guān)的地區(qū)差異以及“銀發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)”的發(fā)展也應(yīng)該好好考慮一下。

Furthermore, policies should be pursued which promote attitude changes towards elder people and support active ageing (life-long-learning, networking and activities of pensioner associations, possibilities for voluntary work on behalf of retirees, etc.)

還有，要實(shí)行政策來(lái)鼓勵(lì)人們改變對(duì)老年者的看法，來(lái)支持老年生活的豐富化。

Care of older people demands not only the right staffing levels, but also specialist skills and expertise.

對(duì)老人的照料不僅需要合適的員工水平，還要專業(yè)的技能和知識(shí)。

Caring for the elderlyis not easy and places a strain on caregivers and their families, regardless of how willing they are to help.

照料老人不是一件易事，而且無(wú)論照顧者多么愿意提供幫助，這都會(huì)給他或他的家庭帶來(lái)壓力。

We must also account for an increasingly large proportion of global elderly, especially in developing nations, as continued pressure is put on limiting fertility and decreasing family size.

我們要考慮到日益增長(zhǎng)的全球化老年人口，特別是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，因?yàn)榈蜕叭找婵s小的家庭規(guī)范帶來(lái)持續(xù)的壓力。

Because of the wide variety of elderly care found globally,as well as differentiating cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject cannot be limited to any one practice.

因?yàn)槿蛴胁煌睦夏耆苏疹櫺枨?，背景觀點(diǎn)也都不一樣，這個(gè)問(wèn)題不僅僅局限一隅。

There is much that can be done to improve provision for older people but it starts by accepting it is not basic or simple. The skills and knowledge of the nursing workforce needs to reflect the patient population.

對(duì)老人的照顧有很大的改善空間，前提要認(rèn)識(shí)到這不簡(jiǎn)單。護(hù)理人員的技能和知識(shí)要能匹配到要照顧到的人數(shù)。

第四步：?jiǎn)栴}的預(yù)防、處理計(jì)劃或措施（考前準(zhǔn)備）

在備考期間，烤鴨們至少要看近兩年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的所有寫作題目（其實(shí)連100道都不到），并不需要大家把所有的題目都寫一次?？绝唫円龅木褪前严嗨祁}目中最有代表性一道練練筆就好，把前面三步當(dāng)中的積累盡量運(yùn)用到250字的作文當(dāng)中，起到舉一反三的作用。

關(guān)于老年人話題出現(xiàn)頻率最高，最有代表性的一道真題就是下面這道

It is reported that there will be higher proportion of older people than young people in the future in some countries. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?

各們烤鴨們可以根據(jù)我們給出的大綱，體會(huì)一下節(jié)點(diǎn)安排，自行完成一篇完整大作文

Task response

1.劃出關(guān)鍵詞

Higher proportion ofolder people

2.題型歸類：Argument利弊衡量

Coherence and cohesion全文布局,段落安排

首段：背景+爭(zhēng)議焦點(diǎn)+引入下文

二段：好處的展開

三段：壞處的展開

尾段：總結(jié)中心句，重申立場(chǎng)

Lexical resources閃光詞匯

Age boom

The prolonged average life span

Greater longevity

Grammatical range and accuracy 漂亮的語(yǔ)法

The most striking one is that the average life span will be prolonged, for the progress of medical treatment and improvement of living condition makes more people timely heal the diseases and better keep fit.

For another, aging of population causes a relative decrease in effective working force because population aging could impose great pressure on the structure of work force.

For a start, great efforts are surely necessary to promote the economic development; only in this way can the large proportion of the public fund be put into the social network focusing on the elderly.

總而言之，大家可以把準(zhǔn)備屠鴨的過(guò)程看成是一項(xiàng)能大家?guī)?lái)成就感的項(xiàng)目管理。希望各位烤鴨能有條不紊地完成對(duì)各個(gè)寫作話題類別的節(jié)點(diǎn)控制。兵來(lái)將擋，水來(lái)土淹；知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆！希望本文對(duì)你的大作文有所幫助！祝大家屠鴨成功！

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