語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation),即說(shuō)話(huà)的腔調(diào),就是一句話(huà)里聲調(diào)(pitch)高低抑揚(yáng)輕重的配制和變化。世界上沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言是用單一的聲調(diào)說(shuō)出的,以英語(yǔ)為例,英語(yǔ)有五種基本語(yǔ)調(diào):升調(diào)(↗)、降調(diào)(↙)、升降調(diào)(∧)、降升調(diào)(∨)以及平調(diào)(→)。一句話(huà)除了詞匯意義(lexical meaning)還有語(yǔ)調(diào)意義(intonation meaning)。所謂詞匯意義就是話(huà)中所用詞的意義,而語(yǔ)調(diào)意義就是說(shuō)話(huà)人用語(yǔ)調(diào)所表示的態(tài)度或口氣。一句話(huà)的詞匯意義加上語(yǔ)調(diào)意義才算是完全的意義。同樣的句子,語(yǔ)調(diào)不同,意思就會(huì)不同,有時(shí)甚至?xí)嗖钋Ю?。?qǐng)看下例:
A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry?(↗)
Jean 用升調(diào)說(shuō) Sorry,其意思是 "I didn't hear you. Could you say that again, please?"
A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry.(↙)
Jean 用降調(diào)說(shuō) Sorry,顯然其意思是拒絕幫助或無(wú)能為力。
可見(jiàn),如果對(duì)語(yǔ)調(diào)知識(shí)缺乏了解,就會(huì)無(wú)法確定說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度、感情、口吻、意圖等,所以今天我們就來(lái)對(duì)語(yǔ)調(diào)問(wèn)題做個(gè)說(shuō)明吧。
一、一句話(huà)中音調(diào)的相對(duì)高度所包含的意義
眾所周知,人們?cè)谂d奮、驚訝或感情激動(dòng)時(shí)說(shuō)話(huà)的語(yǔ)調(diào)就高,而在相反的情況下,語(yǔ)調(diào)則低。因此,在同一個(gè)場(chǎng)合中,如果一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)調(diào)明顯高于另一個(gè),或明顯低于另一個(gè),以此就可以推斷出該說(shuō)話(huà)人的意思及態(tài)度。
這里我們要著重談?wù)勔痪湓?huà)中語(yǔ)調(diào)相對(duì)高度的不同所包含的意義。一句話(huà)中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰一般都是句子的重音所在,通過(guò)語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰,我們就可以了解說(shuō)話(huà)人的意思。如人們讀 "I live in the city." 這句話(huà)時(shí),由于強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象不同,語(yǔ)調(diào)也就隨之發(fā)生了變化。我們不妨來(lái)做一下比較:
I(↗)live in the city.(隱含著在場(chǎng)的其他人不住在城里的意思)
I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隱含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)
I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里邊”,其隱含的意思是“我不住在城外”)
搞懂上面的例子,以下對(duì)話(huà)就馬上可以明白了:
M: Linda looked very tired these days.
W: She looked OK to me(↗).
Q: What does the woman think of Linda?
(A) She saw Linda and me.
(B) Linda said she was fine.
(C) She looked up the word for me.
(D) She considered Linda was all right.
這位女士所表達(dá)的意思就是D啦。這句話(huà)中重音落在句子的最后一個(gè)單詞 me 上,因?yàn)榕坑蒙{(diào)重讀 me,這表示了女士有意與男士的看法形成對(duì)比,意思是:在你的眼里,她顯得疲憊,可在我看來(lái),她沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題。這表示了她那種無(wú)所謂的態(tài)度。
二、某些句型由于句尾語(yǔ)調(diào)的改變而引起意義改變的現(xiàn)象
1. 使用疑問(wèn)詞 who, which, what, how, when, where, why 的特殊疑問(wèn)句可以用降調(diào)也可以用升調(diào),但含義是不同的。如:
A: Mr. Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.
B: Who?(↗)
A: Mr. Smith.
B用升調(diào)說(shuō) Who,表示聽(tīng)不清對(duì)方談話(huà)中的某一部分,要求對(duì)方再重復(fù)那一部分。
A: We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.
B: Who?(↙)
A: We thought that you or Dr. Johnson might do it.
B用降調(diào)說(shuō) Who,其意思是問(wèn),對(duì)方想讓誰(shuí)在開(kāi)場(chǎng)時(shí)致歡迎詞。
2. 附加疑問(wèn)句可以讀升調(diào)也可以讀降調(diào),意思是不相同的。降調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者相信陳述句的內(nèi)容,只等對(duì)方證實(shí);升調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者對(duì)陳述句內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性沒(méi)有把握,希望對(duì)方作出自己的判斷。如:
A: You will finish the work, won't you?(↙)
B: Yes, I will.
A用降調(diào)提問(wèn),意思是:I know you will finish the work, but I want you to confirm it.
A: You will finish the work, won't you?(↗)
B: Yes, I will.(或 No, I won't. )
A用升調(diào)提問(wèn),表示A心中沒(méi)有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。
3. 語(yǔ)調(diào)可以反應(yīng)談話(huà)人的互動(dòng)性。如:
A: Are you Mr. Blake?
B: Yes.(↙)
A: Room twenty-six.
在這個(gè)例子中,B用降調(diào)說(shuō) Yes,表示B的認(rèn)可,這是一個(gè)封閉式的回答。這表明如果A沒(méi)有新的問(wèn)題要問(wèn)或新的信息要告知,也許他們的對(duì)話(huà)就可以結(jié)束了。
A: Are you Mr. Blake?
B: Yes?(↗)
A: Ah, the secretary would like a word with you.
在這個(gè)例子中,B用升調(diào)回答 Yes,表示這是一個(gè)開(kāi)放式的回答,相當(dāng)于 "Yes. But why do you ask?" 或是 "Yes. But who want to know?" 之意。這也就是說(shuō),B在回答A的問(wèn)題的同時(shí)又向A提出了一個(gè)新問(wèn)題,并要求A予以回答。
掌握了這一點(diǎn)之后,對(duì)于下面的對(duì)話(huà)就不難理解了:
M: How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?
W: A day?(↗)
Q: What does the woman mean?
(A) We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.
(B) Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?
(C) To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.
(D) To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.
正確的答案是B哦。
4.陳述句式一般讀降調(diào),用以陳述事實(shí)。若讀升調(diào),往往表示對(duì)所說(shuō)事情的懷疑。如:
She lent him her car.(↙)(用以陳述事實(shí))
She lent him her car?(↗)(表示驚奇、的懷疑,含有 "Did she really lend her car to him ?" 之意。)
5.有些一般疑問(wèn)句的句式讀作降調(diào),實(shí)際上表示感嘆。如:
Hasn't she grown!(↙)這句話(huà)實(shí)則表示:她成長(zhǎng)得多快!
請(qǐng)看下面的試題:
M: Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↙)
W: Are you serious?
Q: What does the man say about Sam's speech?
(A) Sam's speech wasn't great, was it?
(B) Sam's speech was great, wasn't it?
(C) Sam gave a serious speech.
(D) Sam was not serious.
男人所表達(dá)的意思是啥?其實(shí)是對(duì)Sam發(fā)言之精彩發(fā)表感嘆呢,也就是B選項(xiàng)。
有些一般疑問(wèn)句句式也不需要回答,其功能也相當(dāng)于陳述句,但肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表否定,否定結(jié)構(gòu)表肯定,而且傳遞了說(shuō)話(huà)人濃烈的情緒。如:
W: Haven't you got anything better to do?(↗)
M: Ok, Mum, I'll turn off the TV and begin to do my homework.
顯然,媽媽的意思是責(zé)備兒子不應(yīng)該看電視,而應(yīng)該做比看電視更有益的事——也就是說(shuō),媽媽認(rèn)為兒子有更好的事可做。而對(duì)話(huà)中,兒子當(dāng)然也明白媽媽的意思,因此說(shuō)要關(guān)掉電視,開(kāi)始做功課。
今天說(shuō)了那么多,不知道大家都明白記牢了嗎?總而言之,只要我們?cè)趦?nèi)心樹(shù)立起重視語(yǔ)調(diào)問(wèn)題的意識(shí),經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的學(xué)習(xí)和積累,一定能成功將其內(nèi)化噠!