下面一些用語(yǔ)或口語(yǔ),在字眼上,頗有相似之處,但在意義和用法上,卻有不同。使用時(shí)要特別小心,以免出錯(cuò)。
son of a gun 與 son of a bitch:
son of a gun 是對(duì)好友表示一種驚訝的口語(yǔ)(an interjection or an exclamation of surprise between very good friends),有點(diǎn)像「壞蛋」、「家伙」的味道。
但 son of a bitch(或 SOB)是美國(guó)人極為嚴(yán)重的罵人話(huà)(curse word),千萬(wàn)不可亂用,以免鬧事。因?yàn)檫@不但意味這位 son 沒(méi)有確定的父親,同時(shí)母親也是缺乏道德和貞操(less virtuous)。 例如:
* I have not seen you for a long time;you (are)son of a gun!(你這壞蛋啊,我好久不見(jiàn)你了!)
* After the two men called each other“son of a bitch”(SOB),they started a fight.(這兩位男子互罵SOB後,就動(dòng)起武來(lái)。)
至於 son of a gun 的來(lái)由,據(jù)說(shuō)從前女人可以住在海軍船上服務(wù)。結(jié)果一位女人生下孩子時(shí),不知父親是誰(shuí),於是船上的人,就以「gun」做為孩子的 paternity,孩子也就被稱(chēng)為「son of a gun」。雖然只用在好友中,但有時(shí)也真有壞蛋的意思(evil person or a rogue)所以不是恭維語(yǔ)(complimentary word),除非真正好友,少用為妙。
at large 與 by and large:
at large 當(dāng)形容詞,最常用的意思是指嫌犯脫逃,逍遙法外(escape,referring to criminal before arrest)而 by and large 當(dāng)副詞用,意思是一般而言(generally speaking on the whole)。 例如:
* The murder suspect is still at large. (兇手仍然逍遙法外)
* By and large, I feel(that)the new proposal is sensible.(大體來(lái)說(shuō),我認(rèn)為新的建議是很切合實(shí)際的。)
* By and large, most people will care about their weight. (一般而言,許多人關(guān)心他們的體重)
然而,有時(shí) at large 也有「一般」(in general)的意思。 例如:
* The Chinese people at large are peace-loving. (一般中國(guó)人是愛(ài)好和平的)
Here you go 與 Here you go again:
Here you go 是指給別人東西時(shí)說(shuō):「這就是你要的」(=Here is what you want);有時(shí)也表示同意對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)(= you are right);有時(shí)又與 there you go 互用。
* The cashier said, “Here you go!”when she gave me the change. (當(dāng)收款員找我零錢(qián)時(shí),她說(shuō):「這就是!」)
但是 Here you(或 we)go again 意思是「你又舊事重提了」,表示對(duì)一件事情多次重復(fù)的厭煩。(feel annoyed when something is repeated over and over again)。例如:
* When he brought up the same issue to me, I said, “Here you go again!”(當(dāng)他向我提出同樣的問(wèn)題時(shí),我說(shuō):「又是老話(huà)題了!」) 至於“Here goes”又是指說(shuō)話(huà)者開(kāi)始做某事時(shí)說(shuō):「開(kāi)始了」。例如:
*“Here goes!”, shouted the racer as he started running.(當(dāng)賽跑者開(kāi)始跑步時(shí),喊著「我就開(kāi)始了!」)
to marry (someone)與 to be married to(someone): marry 當(dāng)做及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),多用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice)。 例如:
* She married a man ten years younger(或older). (她嫁給一位比她小或大十歲的男人)
= She married a man ten years her junior(或senior).
但是 marry 用在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)(passive voice),後面要用介系詞 to。 例如:
* She is(was)married to a man ten years younger(older).
= She is (was)married to a man ten years her junior(senior).(假如用 is,指目前還是夫妻,如用 was,可能已經(jīng)不是夫妻了)
然而,在 married 後面用介系詞 by 時(shí),又有「牧師證婚」的意思。 例如:
* She was married by a man ten years younger. (是指為她證婚的牧師,比她小十歲。)
* She was married by my father.(為他證婚的牧師是我老爸。)(因?yàn)槟翈熥C婚已成過(guò)去,所以要用過(guò)去式 was。)
near 與 near by:
near 是介系詞(preposition)通常後面跟受詞(object),但是 near by(或 nearby)當(dāng)形容詞(adjective)意思是指「附近」(=close),只指某一地方(somewhere),沒(méi)有特定地點(diǎn)(no specific location)。 例如:
* The school is near the railway station. (學(xué)校在火車(chē)站附近。)
* The post office and library are near by. (郵局和圖書(shū)館都在附近。)
可見(jiàn) near by(或 nearby)通常後面不加受詞,不然就顯得 awkward 了。所以很少人說(shuō):
* I ate at a near restaurant. 不過(guò)可以說(shuō):
* I ate at a nearby restaurant.; 或
* The restaurant where I ate is nearby.(不過(guò)也有老外用 near)
school is open 與 the school is open:
school is open (或 schools are open) 是指「學(xué)校開(kāi)學(xué)」(classes are in session),這里的 open 是形容詞,school 前面不加冠詞 the,意味整個(gè)中小學(xué)的 school system。但是 the school is open,多指學(xué)校的建筑物開(kāi)放著,但沒(méi)有學(xué)生上課。
同理:He goes to school. 是指他去上學(xué)讀書(shū)受教育,而 He goes to the school. 又指他去學(xué)校的建筑物(看朋友、參觀等)。
至於 School is closed.(或 Schools are closed.) 是指「學(xué)校停課」,前面也不加 the。
注意:close 當(dāng)形容詞時(shí),也有「附近」(nearby) 或「友善」(friendly) 的意思。 例如:
* The school is close(=nearby).(學(xué)校在附近。)
* That is a close neighborhood.(那是一個(gè)友善的住宅區(qū)),而 The school is opened at 8 a.m.; 或
* The school is closed at 5 p.m.(都是指學(xué)校的建筑物開(kāi)放或關(guān)閉的時(shí)間。)
但是 The store is open. 是指店鋪在營(yíng)業(yè)中(= Business is going on.),而 The store is closed. 又是指店鋪暫時(shí)不營(yíng)業(yè)。
假如店鋪是永久性的「關(guān)門(mén)大吉」,就應(yīng)該說(shuō):
* The store was closed down. (permanently)
不過(guò) closed 當(dāng)形容詞時(shí),又有「保守」(conservative)或受某種「限制」(restricted)的意思。 例如:
* This is a closed community.(這是一個(gè)保守的社區(qū)。)(由於宗教信仰等原因,美國(guó)有的社區(qū)不歡迎外來(lái)的人。)